They, like others, may never know their sex development was unusual, unless they’re tested for infertility - or to compete in world-class sports. Still other intersex women have XY chromosomes and internal testes but appear female their whole lives, developing rounded hips and breasts, because their cells are insensitive to testosterone. Others have XY chromosomes and undescended testes, but a mutation affecting a key enzyme makes them appear female at birth they’re raised as girls, though at puberty, rising testosterone levels spur a deeper voice, an elongated clitoris and increased muscle mass. Some intersex women, for instance, have XX chromosomes and ovaries, but because of a genetic quirk are born with ambiguous genitalia, neither male nor female.
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Estimates of the number of intersex people vary widely, ranging from one in 5,000 to one in 60, because experts dispute which of the myriad conditions to include and how to tally them accurately. The word “hermaphrodite” is considered stigmatizing, so physicians and advocates instead use the term “intersex” or refer to the condition as D.S.D., which stands for either a disorder or a difference of sex development. The tests were meant to identify competitors whose chromosomes, hormones, genitalia, reproductive organs or secondary sex characteristics don’t develop or align in the typical way.
To evaluate the effects of high testosterone, the international athletic association’s protocol involves measuring and palpating the clitoris, vagina and labia, as well as evaluating breast size and pubic hair scored on an illustrated five-grade scale. and a gynecological exam that she found mortifying. Chand also underwent a chromosome analysis, an M.R.I. Shortly after, Chand says, she was sent to a private hospital in Bangalore, where a curt woman drew her blood to measure her level of natural testosterone, though Chand had no idea that was what was being measured.
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It also noted that in the past, such cases “have brought embarrassment to the fair name of sports in India.” The letter requested the authorities perform a “gender verification test” on Chand. “It has been brought to the notice of the undersigned that there are definite doubts regarding the gender of an Athlete Ms.
Three days after the ultrasound, the federation sent a letter titled “Subject: Gender Verification Issue” to the Indian government’s sports authority. She contends she never had any such pain. The doctor would later deny that the ultrasound was a response to those reports, saying he ordered the scan only because Chand had previously complained of chronic abdominal pain. That confused Chand, but when she asked him about it, she recalls, he said it was routine.Ĭhand had no idea that her extraordinary showing in Taipei and at a national championship earlier that month had prompted competitors and coaches to tell the federation that her physique seemed suspiciously masculine: Her muscles were too pronounced, her stride was too impressive for someone who was only five feet tall. He told her he would forgo the usual urine and blood tests because no nurse was available, and would order an ultrasound instead. She thought little of the meeting in Delhi, because she assumed it was for a doping test.īut when Chand arrived in Delhi, she says, she was sent to a clinic to meet a doctor from the Athletics Federation of India - the Indian affiliate of the International Association of Athletics Federations (I.A.A.F.), which governs track and field. She wondered if she would make friends, and how she’d manage there without her beloved coach, who had long been by her side, strategizing about how best to run each race and joking to help her relax whenever she was nervous. Now, as she took the five-hour bus ride to Delhi from a training center in Punjab, she thought about her impending move to Bangalore for a new training program. They had not imagined a different life for their seven children, but Chand had other ideas. Her parents, weavers who earned less than $8 a week laboring on a government-issued loom, were illiterate. The family home was a small mud hut, with no running water or toilet. Earlier that month, Chand won gold in both the 200-meter sprint and the 4-by-400-meter relay at the Asian Junior Athletics Championships in Taipei, Taiwan, so her hopes for Scotland were high.Ĭhand was raised in Gopalpur, a rural village in eastern India with only intermittent electricity.
Chand, then 18 and one of India’s fastest runners, was preparing for the coming Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, her first big international event as an adult. One day in June 2014, Dutee Chand was cooling down after a set of 200-meter sprints when she received a call from the director of the Athletics Federation of India, asking her to meet him in Delhi.
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